Every citation, every DOI, every link

About this reference list

Every quantitative claim on KLOW Safe cites a peer-reviewed study, a regulatory document, or a recognized clinical-trial registry. The list below contains all 22 sources used across the site, grouped by the component they primarily address. DOIs are provided where available; PubMed, PMC, and journal URLs are linked for direct access.

This site is editorial commentary on publicly available research. The citations below are the primary literature. Where this site interprets, summarizes, or contextualizes, the underlying source is one click away.

BPC-157

^[1] Xu C, Sun L, Ren F, Huang P, et al. Preclinical safety evaluation of body protective compound-157, a potential drug for treating various wounds. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology (2020). DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104665. ScienceDirect

^[2] Hsieh MJ, Liu HT, Wang CN, Huang HY, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. Journal of Molecular Medicine (2017). DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1488-y. PubMed

^[3] Cerovecki T, Bojanic I, Brcic L, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (PL 14736) improves ligament healing in the rat. Journal of Orthopaedic Research (2010). DOI: 10.1002/jor.21107. Wiley Online Library

^[4] Chang CH, Tsai WC, Lin MS, Hsu YH, Pang JH. The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration. Journal of Applied Physiology (2011). DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00945.2010. APS Journals

^[5] Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. PMC peer-reviewed orthopedic review (2025). DOI: 10.1177/15563316251355551. PMC

^[18] Lee E, et al. Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine (2025). Full text PDF

^[20] Sikiric P, Kokot A, Kralj T, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Pleiotropic Beneficial Activity and Its Possible Relations with Neurotransmitter Activity. Pharmaceuticals (MDPI) (2024). DOI: 10.3390/ph17040461. MDPI

^[21] Sikiric P, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Intestinal Anastomoses Therapy in Rats — A Review. Pharmaceuticals (MDPI) (2024). DOI: 10.3390/ph17081081. MDPI

GHK-Cu

^[6] Mulder GD, Patt LM, Sanders L, et al. Enhanced healing of ulcers in patients with diabetes by topical treatment with glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper. Wound Repair and Regeneration (1994). DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-475X.1994.20406.x. Wiley Online Library

^[7] Lee MS, Tu MC, Tsai CR, Lee CC, Hsu YJ. Selected Biomarkers Revealed Potential Skin Toxicity Caused by Certain Copper Compounds. Scientific Reports (2016). DOI: 10.1038/srep37887. PMC

^[8] Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. BioMed Research International (2015). DOI: 10.1155/2015/648108. Wiley Online Library

^[9] Exploring the beneficial effects of GHK-Cu on an experimental model of colitis and the underlying mechanisms. Frontiers in Pharmacology (2025). DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1551843. Frontiers

TB-500 and full-length Thymosin Beta-4

^[10] Ruff D, Crockford D, Girardi G, Zhang Y. Pharmacokinetics and safety of thymosin β4 after single intravenous dose administration in healthy volunteers. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2010). DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05569.x. NYAS Online Library

^[11] Sosne G, Dunn SP, Kim C. Thymosin β4 significantly improves signs and symptoms of severe dry eye in a phase 2 randomized trial. Cornea (2015). DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000000401. PubMed

^[12] Xue B, Leyrat C, Grimes JM, Robinson RC. Structural basis of thymosin-β4/profilin exchange leading to actin filament polymerization. PNAS (2014). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1412271111. PNAS

KPV

^[13] Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HT, Yan Y, Sitaraman SV, Merlin D. PepT1-Mediated Tripeptide KPV Uptake Reduces Intestinal Inflammation. Gastroenterology (2008). DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.10.026. PubMed

^[14] Xiao B, Xu Z, Viennois E, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Han MK, Kang Y, Merlin D. Orally Targeted Delivery of Tripeptide KPV via Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles Efficiently Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis. Molecular Therapy (2017). DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.01.013. PubMed

^[15] Catania A, Lipton JM. α-MSH related peptides: a new class of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating drugs. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (supplement) (1993). DOI: 10.1136/ard.52.Suppl_1.S28. PMC

^[16] Viennois E, Pujada A, Sung J, Yang C, Gewirtz AT, Chassaing B, Merlin D. Critical Role of PepT1 in Promoting Colitis-Associated Cancer and Therapeutic Benefits of the Anti-inflammatory PepT1-Mediated Tripeptide KPV in a Murine Model. Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2016). DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.01.006. CMGH00015-1/fulltext)

Regulatory and combination-evidence sources

^[17] Operation Supplement Safety (OPSS), Uniformed Services University. BPC-157: A prohibited peptide and an unapproved drug found in health and wellness products. OPSS Article (DoD) (2023). OPSS

^[19] Säll C, et al. Clinical Significance of Drug-Drug Interaction Studies During Therapeutic Peptide Drug Development. Clinical and Translational Science (2025). DOI: 10.1111/cts.70288. PMC

^[22] U.S. Anti-Doping Agency. BPC-157: Experimental Peptide Creates Risk for Athletes. USADA Advisory (2023). USADA